Most definitions of active learning focus on two key components: “doing” and “reflecting” --- involving students in doing things and thinking about what they are doing. However, lecturing, a time-tested teaching method, remains the most frequent method of instruction in education. It can prove masterful when offered by inspiring teachers, who are also gifted orators. But too often students sit passively, disconnected from the lecture. Nonetheless, because it provides a convenient and efficient way to deliver content to large number of students, lecturing persists. On the other hand, active learning is a crucial element of the new thrust towards what is commonly called “learned-centred” teaching. If teachers desire increased student learning, active learning is an essential component of effective teaching. When using active learning, students are engaged in more activities than just listening. They are involved in dialogue, debate, writing, and problem solving, as well as higher-...